Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The Armada was doomed when a powerful storm, which the English called the "Great Protestant Wind," swept through the Channel. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. Soon he had many enthusiastic followers called Lutherans, who joined him in initiating the Protestant Reformation. The following year Charles retired to a monastery and Philip became king of Spain. Complete disaster awaited Francis at Pavia, a city near Milan, in February 1525. Q: Which of the following is a phase of the Mightiest Governor event? Once an answer is selected, it cannot be changed. During the Lancastrian War religious mystic Joan of Arc led French forces in victories against the English (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. During the invasion Charles's troops had sacked Rome and stormed Clement's residence. The king was competing with Francis I of France and Charles I of Spain for the coveted position of emperor (see "France" section previously in this chapter). She inspired the soldiers by saying that though she had "the body of a weak and feeble woman," she had "the heart and stomach of a King.". The Carolingian Dynasty (751-887) was a family of Frankish nobles who ruled Francia and its successor kingdoms in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. Giving in to pressure from the noblemen and Charles's Flemish advisers, Ferdinand rewrote his will and named Charles as his heir. They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). In the years after that, they were even better. Henry had named a large council of regents to rule England until Edward was old enough to be king. King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. Charlemagne's Rise to Power. Their philosophy made the cities of Toledo, Crdoba, and Granada important centers of learning. The majority of Moriscos were farm laborers, though many worked in trades such as the silk and leather industries. He was the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and Henry Stewart (15451567), who was the grandson of Henry VII. They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. Others became involved in a series of plots against Mary's government. His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. As a sign of his authority he had lilies, the The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. The French also occupied the province of Navarre during the Comuneros Revolt in Spain. Olivares had plans for far-reaching reform that he hoped would solve Spain's economic and political problems. At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. After Philip III took the throne in 1598, Spain began going into decline. France and Germany were both once part of what feudal Kingdom? Edward's sister, Mary Tudor, would restore the Catholic faith because she had always been a Catholic. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. Storm after storm seemed to come from nowhere to pound the galleons as they desperately tried to sail around the British Isles. The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). He made similar alliances with Portugal. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. Here Puritan In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella became leaders in the European And today, we're planning to help you get better at it by sharing some Rise of Kingdoms cheats and tips in our complete strategy guide. Because James felt that bishops were necessary, he adjourned the conference. In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. The Reformation had begun thirteen years earlier, just before Charles became king of Spain. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. Most reforms took place in Castile, the larger and stronger of the two kingdoms. A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. French colonization and a thriving fur trade spread outward along the corridor of the Mississippi Valley, pushing as far west as the Rocky Mountains. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. He improperly anchored the fleet, thus leaving an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to set the Armada ablaze. This is where the country of France is today and the name for France comes from the Franks. Much like moder. As both the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain, Charlesat the age of twenty-twowas now the most powerful man in Christendom (the term then used for Europe). Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). To take on his duties as emperor Charles had to move to Aachen, Germany. scholars. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. The Spanish king, Ferdinand II of Aragon, had conquered and an nexed the small kingdom of Navarre, situated between France and Spain on the Bay of Biscay (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. February 3, 2023. In A skilled diplomat, Cavour secured an alliance with France. Two years later, Philip issued a royal proclamation condemning William of Orange as an outlaw and the main source of unrest in the Netherlands. power of the great feudal lords. The country occupies the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, next to Spain. He made three more voyages to the "Indies" (in 1493, 1498, and 1502) to confirm his theory and to colonize the islands he had already explored. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. Most German intellectuals were at first in sympathy with the new order in France, hoping that the defeat of royal absolutism in western Europe would lead to its decline in central Europe as well. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. In 1489 Charles VIII was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII (14321492; reigned 148492). Francis had grown up in the court of King Louis XII and was called the dauphin. Less than fifty years after Gama's discovery of the eastern route to Asia, trade between Europe and the ancient lands of the Orient was controlled by Portugal, a small kingdom that was more than a year's journey away from Asia. Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. The parliaments of Castile and Aragon were immediately called into session so Charles could request money to finance his trip to Aachen. By 1538, when a peace agreement was signed in Nice, France, both sides were financially exhausted. when he began competing against Charles I, the young king of Spain. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. KingRider. Edward was returned to the throne. They were well-known as capable warriors but had political aspirations beyond their simple desire for conquest. Each house used the image of a rose to represent itselfa red rose for Lancaster and a white rose for York. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake (c. 15401596) launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. As he rode from Edinburgh to London in 1603, shortly after becoming king, he was met by a group of Puritans (members of the Anglican Church who advocated strict reforms). The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (15331603; ruled 15581603) is known as England's golden age. Germany, Italy land Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The Dutch troubles worsened in 1578 when Philip approved the assassination of Juan de Escobedo (died 1578), John of Austria's dangerous and ambitious secretary. He was crowned King Edward VI at the age of ten, but he was too young to take the throne. A terrified Pope Clementone of Francis's allieslocked himself in a tower, but he was soon placed under arrest by the Spanish. The Franco-Austrian War of 1859 was the agent . Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. The election day became the starting date permanently with Sigismund. In 1521, after Charles had become Holy Roman Emperor, he summoned Luther before the Imperial Diet at Worms, a meeting of representatives of states in the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany. In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. (See "England" section later in this chapter.). Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII died a few months later. He marched his army through Mexico in 1519 to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln (modern-day Mexico City). The crowning of Charles as king of Spain was the climax of a bitter dispute that resulted from the marriage contract between Ferdinand and Isabella. Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. Philip immediately began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England. The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. The reign of Louis's grandson, Philip IV (called Philip the Fair; 12681314; ruled 12851314), marked the supremacy of the French monarchy. He recalled Alba and replaced him with Luis de Requesens (pronounced ray-kay-SAINS; Eventually, the Dutch East India Company took over every Portuguese-controlled point between the Malabar Coast and the Chinese city of Macao. In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile laid the foundation for an immense empire by uniting several independent provinces. Growing bolder in their quest for riches, these countries attacked Portuguese and Spanish treasure ships wherever they could find themin the Caribbean, along the Spanish-American coast, and in the English Channel. Answers. Game Info. They also wanted to end the use of wedding rings, which were believed to be popish because Catholics wore them. Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. While preparing to confront Adrian's forces, the Comuneros discovered that they were divided among themselves. The prospect of having Charles someday take the thrones of both Castile and Aragon disturbed Ferdinand. In 1620 Frederick lost the throne of Bohemia (he was nicknamed the "Winter King" because he ruled for only one winter) and was stripped of all his territories in the Holy Roman Empire. Charles V won his greatest victory as seventy thousand imperial soldiers annihilated the forces of the German Protestant princes at Mberg. In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. A brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand people. . During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. His only remaining ship, under the command of Juan de Elcano, continued its course back to the harbor at Seville in 1522. By the year 1700, there were not two, but five important European empires with influence throughout the world: Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. According to the contract, they were to rule their own kingdomsthat is, Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. The English were weakened by their loss to the French during the Hundred Years' War. In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. The popes remained in Avignon under French domination until 1377, during a period called the Babylonian captivity (see "Babylonian captivity and the Great Schism" in Chapter 1). . Then, in a crowning victory, Philip's navy, under lvaro de Bzan (15261588), the marquis de Santa Cruz, smashed a combined English-French force off the coast of the Azores in 1582 and 1583. Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. Charles liberated thousands of Christian prisoners and soon thereafter captured the port of Tunis. Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. Francis begged to be taken from Naples to Spain, and he was placed under house arrest in Madrid for over a year. This success was due to able military leadership, development of a full-time professional army, and a taxation system that supported the army. Mary then had Elizabeth arrested and sent to the Tower of London (a prison for members of royalty and the nobility), and later to Woodstock. That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. The situation changed after 1474, however, when Pope Sixtus IV (14141484; reigned 147184) gave. For travelling duos (or trios, you saucy minx) there are plenty of cheap rooms in Sri Lanka too. Which European wrote the first travelogue detailing China's history, culture, and art? When she refused his proposal he realized that England could never be a Catholic country. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . The treaty required France's King Charles VI (13681422; ruled 13801422), an Orlanist, to give his daughter, Catherine of Valois (14011437), in marriage to Henry. Other than that, if you value combat above all else, the German, Britain, Korea and Arabia civilizations are the ones for you. They wanted to regain power that had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the past twenty years. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. Louis's son, King Charles VIII (14701498; ruled 148398) then married Anne of Brittany (14771514) and merged Brittany, the last remaining Territory that is now France was invaded by tribes from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden). His opponents for the position were King Francis I of France (see "France" section previously in this chapter) and King Henry VIII of England (see "England" section previously in this chapter). battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. During Elizabeth's reign England also began emerging as a great sea power, which eventually gave rise to the expansion of the British Empire over the next three centuries. Dvelopp par Lilith Games, Rise of Kingdoms est un At the age of thirteen, Francis left his mother's household to reside at the French court, where courtiers referred to him as the dauphin. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. In Rise of Kingdoms, Lyceum of Wisdom is the place where you can come and answer a lot of trivia quizzes regarding the game itself and the world history in general and earn a lot of valuable rewards. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. Charles also continued the war against France in Italy. France allied with the Protestants and against the Austrians and the Spanish. The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. Thus, on March 17, 1558, the last Tudor monarch of England ascended the throne. Charles returned to Spain from Germany in 1522. 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